References for Sleep Professionals

Lawrence Martin, M.D., FACP, FCCP

A few selected references from the medical literature (including textbooks) on subjects discussed in the sleep stories. Book links are to Amazon.com, where in some instances you can read sample pages. Article links are to the on-line abstract.

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General or comprehensive texts

Atlas of Sleep Medicine. John W. Shepard, editor. Futura Pub Co, 1991.

Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child. R. Ferber and MH Kryger, editors. W.B. Saunders Co., 1995.

Sleep Medicine, by Michael S. Aldrich. Oxford University Press, 1999.

Sleep Medicine Pearls, by Richard B. Berry. Hanley & Belfus, Publishers. 1999.

Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects. Sudhansu Chokroverty, editor. Butterworth-Heinemann Medical, 1999.

Clinical Companion to Sleep Disorders Medicine (2nd Ed), by Sudhansu Chokroverty. Butterworth-Heinemann Medical, 2000.

Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (3rd edition). MH Kryger, T Roth and WC Dement, editors. W.B. Saunders Co., 2000.

Primary of Polysomnogram Interpretation, by Mark Pressman. Butterworth-Heinemann Medical Publishers, 2002.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Diagnosis and Epidemiology

Partinen M, Jamieson A, Guilleminault C. Long term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: mortality. Chest 1988;94:1200-4.

Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1230-35.

Phillips BA, Berry TR, Schmittt FA, et al. Sleep-disordered breating in healthy aged persons: two- and three-year follow-up. Sleep 1994;17:411-5.

Gottlieb DJ, Whitney CW, Bonekat WH, et al. Relation of sleepiness to respiratory disturbance index: the Sleep Health Heart Study. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1999;159:502-7.

Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. Sleep-disorded breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Health Heart Study. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2001;163:19-25.

Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et. al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study: Sleep Health Heart Study. JAMA 2000;283:1829-36.

Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. Sleep-disorded breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Health Heart Study. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2001;163:19-25.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Treatment

Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, Eves L. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1981;1:862-5.

Indications for Positive Airway Pressure Treatment of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Chest 1999;115:863-866.

Findley L, Smith C, Hooper J, et al. Treatment with nasal CPAP decreases automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000;161:857-9.

Sin DD, Mayers I, Man GCW, et al. Long-term Compliance Rates to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Chest. 2002;121:430-435.

A randomized, controlled study of a mandibular advancement splint for obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 May;163(6):1457-61.

Oral appliance therapy improves symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 Sep 1;166(5):743-8.

Mandibular advancement splint improves indices of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring but side effects are common. N Z Med J 2002 Jun 21;115(1156):289-92.

Narcolepsy

Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Narcolepsy. Neurological Clinics 1996;14(3);545-571.

Aldrich MS, Cervin RD, Malow BA. Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep 1997;20(8):620-9.

Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al. Hypocretin(Orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000;355:39-40.

Overeem S, Mignot E, Gert van Dijk J, Lammers GJ. Narcolepsy: clinical features, new pathophysiological insights, and future perspectives. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18(2):78-105.

Kryger MH, Walld R, Manfreda J. Diagnoses received by narcolepsy patients in the year prior to diagnosis by a sleep specialist. Sleep 2002;25:36-41.

Okun ML, Lin L, Pelin Z, et al. Clinical aspects of narcolepsy-cataplexy across ethnic groups. Sleep 2002 Feb 1;25(1):27-35.

Sleep walking and sleep eating

Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, O'Connor KA, et al. Additional categories of sleep- related eating disorders and its current status of treatment. Sleep 1993;16(5): 457-66.

Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Parasomnias. Managing bizarre sleep-related behavior disorders. Postgrad Med 2000 Mar;107(3):145-56.

Kavey NB, White J, Risor Sr, Jr., Gidro-Frank S. Somnambulism in adults. Neurology 1990;40:749-52.

Janowitz HD. Sleep disorders in the Macbeths. J Royal Soc Med 93, February 2000, pages 87-88. (Link is to site for downloading PDF file of article)

Insomnia

Chesson A Jr, Hartse K, Anderson WM, et al. Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 2000;23(2):237-41.

Krakow B, Melendrez D, Ferreira E, et. al. Prevalence of insomnia symptoms in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Chest 2001;120(6):1768-9.

Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep

The first description of REM behavior disorder.

O'Keeffe ST. Restless legs syndrome: A review. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:243-48.

Silber MH. Restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:261-264.

Hening W, Allen R, Earley C, et al. The Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review. Sleep, 1999;22(7):970-99.

Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, Asher K, Hening WA, Purvis C. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2137-41

[Authors' Abstract] Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterized by sleep-disrupting unpleasant leg sensations, often accompanied by daytime behavioral problems. Treatment for this condition is available, but it is suspected that most instances of RLS remain undiagnosed. The goal of this investigation was to assess the prevalence and health status correlates of restless legs symptoms (hereinafter referred to as restless legs) in the general population. METHODS: A question reflecting the clinical features of RLS was added to the 1996 Kentucky Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Data on the frequency of experiencing restless legs, self-rated general and mental health status, demographics, and behavioral risk factors were collected by telephone interview from 1803 men and women, 18 years and older. RESULTS: Experiencing restless legs 5 or more nights per month was reported by 3% of participants aged 18 to 29 years, 10% of those aged 30 to 79 years, and 19% of those 80 years and older. The age-adjusted prevalence for Kentucky adults is 10.0%; prevalence did not vary significantly by sex. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for restless legs and diminished general health and poor mental health status were 2.4 (1.4-4.0) and 3.1 (2.0-4.6), respectively. Restless legs were significantly associated with increased age and body mass index, lower income, smoking, lack of exercise, low alcohol consumption, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of restless legs in the general adult population is high. Restless legs may be associated with decreased well-being, emphasizing the need for further research and greater medical recognition of this condition.

The following two back-to-back editorials are only available on line to subscribers of AJRCCM. They are highly recommended to anyone interested in PLMS.

Walters AS. Assessment of Periodic Leg Movements Is an Essential Component of an Overnight Sleep Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 164, Number 8, October 2001, 1339-1340.

Principal argument: PLMs may represent a problem requiring treatment or monitoring, and you won't know unless they are examined during an overnight sleep study.

Mark W. Mahowald . Assessment of Periodic Leg Movements Is Not an Essential Component of an Overnight Sleep Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 164, Number 8, October 2001, 1340-1341.

Principal argument: PLMs are a normal variant; there is no evidence that they represent pathology or cause arousals or interfere with sleep.

Sleep Paralysis

Penn NE, Kripke DF, Scharff J. Sleep paralysis among medical students. J Psychol 1981 Mar;107 pt 2:247-52.

[Authors' Abstract] Sleep paralysis is a sensation of an inability to speak or move other muscles when falling asleep or awakening. Sleep paralysis by itself has been reported as occurring infrequently and many clinicians are uncertain of its significance. In contrast, sleep paralysis in conjunction with sleep attacks has been reported as a concomitant of narcolepsy. To further examine the incidence of sleep paralysis, the responses of 80 first-year medical students, 16.25% had experienced predormital, postdormital, or both types of sleep paralysis. These episodes occurred infrequently-- only once or twice for most of these students. Reports of sleep paralysis were not associated with sleep attacks or cataplexy. These results support two previous studies which found that sleep paralysis alone occurs frequently among normals.

Dahlitz M, Parkes JD. Sleep paralysis. Lancet 1993 Feb 13;341(8842):406-7

[Authors' Abstract] Sleep paralysis is a common condition with a prevalence of 5-62%. Although most affected people have single or infrequent episodes, sleep paralysis may be recurrent, or occur in association with the narcoleptic syndrome. In a study of 22 subjects with frequent sleep paralysis and also excessive daytime sleepiness, episodes continued for between 5 and 35 years. In contrast to subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome, these patients did not have cataplexy, daytime sleepiness and insomnia were less severe, and there was no HLA DR2(15) or DQ1(6) association. Sleep paralysis was familial in 19 of these subjects. A non-HLA linked genetic factor, in addition to environmental factors, may thus predispose to sleep paralysis.

Herman J. An instance of sleep paralysis in Moby-Dick. Sleep. 1997;20:577-9.

Buzzi G, Cirignotta F. Isolated sleep paralysis: a web survey. Sleep Res Online 2000;3(2):61-6

[Authors' Abstract] Isolated Sleep Paralysis (SP) occurs at least once in a lifetime in 40-50% of normal subjects, while as a chronic complaint it is an uncommon and scarcely known disorder. A series of messages written by subjects who experienced at least one episode of SP, containing more or less detailed descriptions of this disorder, were collected from the Sleep Web site of the University of California in Los Angeles between January 1996 and July 1998. Two hundred and sixty-four messages fulfilling the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) (Thorpy, 1990) minimal criteria for SP were analyzed. A wide spectrum of severity was evident, with a frequency of episodes ranging from one in a lifetime to almost every night, and a variety of emotional and hallucinatory experiences associated with SP episodes were reported. Clinical similarities between the recurrent form of isolated SP and channelopathies (in particular, periodic paralyses) are discussed. An activation of limbic system structures is suggested in order to explain some of the most common subjective experiences associated with SP.

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Copyright © 2001, 2002 Lawrence Martin, M.D.